If you recently ended your fiscal year and have looked at the financial position of your company you may be wondering “Why does the Income Statement (Profit & Loss report) for my business show a profit but I have no money in my bank account?”.
In the business cycle, cash is king. It helps you to purchase inventory, pay salaries, keep the lights on, and finance future needs of the business. It’s this last part that we forget about when we look at the cash balance and wonder why it’s different from the income generated. This blog post will shed some light on the main reasons why your business income does not equal your cash balance.
Let’s start with the two most common financial reports for your business – the Income Statement (Profit & Loss report) and the Balance Sheet. The Income Statement details how the business generated either income or a loss. Remember, income generated – not cash. This income or loss as shown on the Income Statement is listed in the equity section of the Balance Sheet.
The Balance Sheet is based on the equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity. If income is part of equity then how do we keep the equation in balance? Well, we need to consider the sum of the transactions that produced the income. Some transactions result in cash being received or paid out. Others result in a receivable or a payable. Other transactions occur that never affect the Income Statement. Let’s look at some reasons why cash is not equal to income.
- A new computer was purchased with cash. The computer is an asset so the computer asset increases and the cash asset decreases to keep the equation equal.
- A vendor had a great price on an item you keep in your inventory so you buy inventory, using cash. Inventory is an asset whose value is increased from this transaction so cash must be decreased to keep things in balance.
- Sales have been strong and accounts receivable has increased significantly over last several months. The sales were on account, meaning that you did not receive cash at the time of sale. Therefore, the income generated from these sales did not go into the asset called cash but into the asset called accounts receivable. This is a good example of how income ≠ cash.
The above items are examples of how the balance sheet can help you understand cash flow. Run a Balance Sheet for the most recently ended fiscal year and include the prior fiscal year and a column showing the change. The change will show the diverse affect transactions have on your cash balance and cash flow.
Watch for our next Managing Cash Flow blog post!
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